{"id":6746,"date":"2024-11-23T10:34:03","date_gmt":"2024-11-23T10:34:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/?p=6746"},"modified":"2024-12-29T00:21:17","modified_gmt":"2024-12-29T00:21:17","slug":"graphite-electrical-resistivity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/graphite-electrical-resistivity\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding Graphite Electrical Resistivity"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Graphite electrical resistivity is an amount of a physical quantity, indicating its conductivity. This method is the technique for assessing conductivity in different graphite materials effectively. The graphite electric resistivity pertains to the size of the resistance per unit length and is generally expressed in ohm-meter, short as \u03a9\u00b7m.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_74 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/graphite-electrical-resistivity\/#Graphite_Electrical_Resistivity_Measurement\" >Graphite Electrical Resistivity Measurement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/graphite-electrical-resistivity\/#Temperature_dependence_analysis\" >Temperature dependence analysis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/graphite-electrical-resistivity\/#The_following_table_shows_the_resistance_of_different_graphite_materials\" >The following table shows the resistance of different graphite materials<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/graphite-electrical-resistivity\/#Factors_affecting_graphite_electrical_resistivity\" >Factors affecting graphite electrical resistivity<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/graphite-electrical-resistivity\/#Material_purity\" >Material purity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/graphite-electrical-resistivity\/#Grain_size_and_orientation\" >Grain size and orientation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/graphite-electrical-resistivity\/#Structural_defects\" >Structural defects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/graphite-electrical-resistivity\/#Comparison_of_the_electrical_conductivity_of_graphite_and_copper\" >Comparison of the electrical conductivity of graphite and copper<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/graphite-electrical-resistivity\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_Electrical_Resistivity_Measurement\"><\/span>Graphite Electrical Resistivity Measurement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Four-probe method<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Four-probe method is the most commonly used in the laboratory with high precision measurement method. Four probes, press the current on the sample to calculate the resistivity by measuring the voltage difference. The advantage of four-probe method requires avoiding the influence of contact resistance, the measurement accuracy is very high, and can be applied to the samples in the form of bulk and thin film.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Two-probe method<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The two-probe method directly applies the current to both ends of the sample and measures voltage. Calculate the total resistance. The advantage of the two-probe method is that it is simple and easy to operate. In addition, the two-probe method also adapts to fast and low-demand measurement scenes.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Hot Wire Method<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The hot wire method uses the current to heat the hot wire or coil inside the sample in order to measure characteristics of resistance changing by temperature. This method also studies the conductivity under a high-temperature condition of different materials.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>High-temperature Four-probe Method<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The resistivity under the conditions of a high-temperature environment can be tested by this method. The high-temperature four-probe method is combining the high-temperature furnace with a four-probe device for high-temperature performance evaluation.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Contact Resistance Method<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The contact resistance method is mostly used for close laboratory studies. One of the accurate measurements used to test the resistance of a sample is the Wheatstone bridge balanced measurement circuit.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Temperature_dependence_analysis\"><\/span>Temperature dependence analysis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Temperature dependence analysis can study the rule of changing resistance with temperature in graphite material, gain the stable and related conductive property of graphite, and offer data support for applying materials in high temperatures.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_following_table_shows_the_resistance_of_different_graphite_materials\"><\/span>The following table shows the resistance of different graphite materials<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">Type of Graphite Material<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">Resistivity (1000\u00b0C) \/ \u03a9\u00b7m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">High Density Graphite<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff086.4\u00b10.9\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6\u00a0<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">Coarse Particle Structure Graphite<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff089.2\u00b11.4\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">Fine Grained Graphite<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff0812.9\u00b12.6\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">Graphite Electrode<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff087.5\u00b10.7\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">Porous Graphite<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff0812.0\u00b11.2\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factors_affecting_graphite_electrical_resistivity\"><\/span>Factors affecting graphite electrical resistivity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Material_purity\"><\/span>Material purity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The less impurities a material contains the lower is its resistivity<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Grain_size_and_orientation\"><\/span>Grain size and orientation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong><b>Grain size<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Graphite electrical resistance depends significantly on grain size and orientation. Larger-sized grains reduce the grain boundary scattering effect and allow more continuity of the conductive path, reducing the resistance;\u00a0 conversely, smaller grains have increased grain boundaries resulting in more frequent electron scattering and thereby increasing the resistance.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Orientation<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Graphite is an <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anisotropy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">anisotropic<\/a> material, with low resistance to the flow of electrons along the layer plane (a-b plane) and along low resistance. In contrast, its resistance increases significantly due to the van der Waals force acting perpendicular to the layer plane (c-axis). Therefore, larger the grain and the more close the grain orientation is to the current flowing direction, the lower would be the resistance of graphite.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structural_defects\"><\/span>Structural defects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><b>Lattice defects<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Point defects in graphite, like vacancies and impurity atoms, will destroy the complete \u03c0 bond system of carbon atoms, block the free movement of electrons within a layer, and thus increase resistivity.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Grain boundary defects<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The presence of grain boundaries increases electron scattering, hindering the flow of electrons across grains and leading to enhanced resistivity. Moreover, the larger the number of grain boundaries or the smaller the grain size, the more pronounced this effect becomes.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Interlayer defects<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This dislocation, wrinkle, or gap between layers would reduce conductivity between graphite <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graphite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">layers<\/a>, making electrons flow more difficultly along the c-axis direction, thereby vertically increasing its resistivity considerably.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Porosity and cracks<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pores and cracks in the product make the effective conductive area of graphite lower, the path of current longer, leading to enhanced resistivity.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Temperature effects<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It can be observed that as the calcination or<a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/what-is-graphitization\/\"> graphitization<\/a> temperature increases, the specific resistivity of the product gradually decreases. The reasons for decreasing are different, however. During the roasting stage, the drop of the specific resistivity is mainly caused by releasing volatiles, coking of binders, and continuous shrinking of the product. During the graphitization stage, the drop in the specific resistivity was due to the transformation of amorphous carbon into <a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/vi\/what-is-graphite-and-what-is-graphite-made-of\/\">graphite<\/a> crystal structure.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>External pressure<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The external pressure increases the densification of the material by compressing the pores of graphite structure. The pressure also influences the arrangement of graphite crystal layers and decreases the resistivity in c-axis direction. In general, the external pressure is reflected in reducing porosity, improving grain connection, and enhancing interlayer arrangement.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparison_of_the_electrical_conductivity_of_graphite_and_copper\"><\/span>Comparison of the electrical conductivity of graphite and copper<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Under normal temperature applications, copper has higher conductivity than graphite; however, under high temperature applications, graphite still maintains a higher conductivity than copper.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Resistivity had a great effect on graphite electrical property. Electrical resistivity\u00a0is one of the critical factors that determines the electrical property of graphite. The smaller the conductivity of graphite, the better its conductivity and the lower the energy consumption.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Graphite electrical resistivity is an amount of a physical quantity, indicating its conductivity. This method is the technique for assessing conductivity in different graphite materials effectively. The graphite electric resistivity pertains to the size of the resistance per unit length and is generally expressed in ohm-meter, short as \u03a9\u00b7m. Graphite Electrical Resistivity Measurement Four-probe method [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6755,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-application"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v19.2.1 (Yoast SEO v25.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Understanding Graphite Electrical Resistivity<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Graphite electrical resistivity pertains to the size of the resistance per unit length and is generally expressed in ohm-meters, short as \u03a9\u00b7m\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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