{"id":6802,"date":"2024-11-25T14:35:45","date_gmt":"2024-11-25T14:35:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/?p=6802"},"modified":"2024-12-11T12:40:16","modified_gmt":"2024-12-11T12:40:16","slug":"%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443: \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442, \u044f\u043a \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0454 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0437\u044f\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0454 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0432.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_74 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u0417\u043c\u0456\u0441\u0442<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u043c\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0443\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0447<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" 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href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Atomic_and_Molecular_structure_of_graphite\" >\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Atomic_structure_of_graphite\" >\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Molecular_structure_of_graphite\" >\u041c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Two_key_elements_of_graphite_structure\" >\u0414\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Graphite_hexagonal_crystal_structure\" >\u0413\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Arrangements\" >\u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Layering\" >\u041d\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Layers_of_crystal_structure\" >\u0428\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Bonds_within_carbon_atoms\" >\u0417\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#_Van_der_Waal_Forces\" >\u00a0\u0421\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043d \u0434\u0435\u0440 \u0412\u0430\u0430\u043b\u0430<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Layer_separation\" >\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0432<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Covalent_bonds\" >\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#_Sp2_hybridization\" >\u00a0Sp2 \u0433\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#_Bond_Angle\" >\u00a0\u041a\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0443<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Carbon_atoms\" >\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Anisotropy\" >\u0410\u043d\u0456\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0456\u044f<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#In-plane_attributes_and_out-of-plane_attributes\" >\u0410\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u044e<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Atomic_Energy_arrangements\" >\u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0437 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Lattice_and_crystal_structure_of_graphite\" >\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0491\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Lattice_structure_of_graphite\" >\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0456\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Graphite_crystal_structure\" >\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Three_common_defects_in_graphite_structure\" >\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Graphite_structure_related_concepts\" >\u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Graphite_Lewis_structure\" >\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u041b\u044c\u044e\u0457\u0441\u0430<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Graphite_hybridization\" >\u0413\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Graphite_symbols_and_formulae\" >\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Graphite_structure_and_bonding\" >\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043e\u043a \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Explain_the_Structure_of_Graphite_and_Other_Materials_Difference\" >\u041f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0456\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044e \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Graphite_Structure_vs_Graphene_Structure\" >\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043d\u0443<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Comparison_of_graphite_and_diamond_structure\" >\u041f\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0437\u0443<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Structural_differences\" >\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Performance_differences\" >\u0412\u0456\u0434\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Types_of_graphite_structure\" >\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Natural_Graphite\" >\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Synthetic_Graphite\" >\u0421\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Correlation_between_graphite_structure_and_use\" >\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043e\u043a \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82%d1%83\/#Conclusion\" >\u0412\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_graphite\"><\/span>\u0429\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442, \u043c\u0456\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0432 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456. \u0412\u0456\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0456 \u043c'\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043a. \u0426\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0456\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0432 \u043e\u043b\u0456\u0432\u0446\u0456\u0432. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0440 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0447\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0456\u0440\u0438\u0439. \u0410 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0456\u043d\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0456\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Atomic_and_Molecular_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Atomic_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 - \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044c. \u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0456 \u0437'\u0454\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0456 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043a\u0443 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u044f\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0433\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Molecular_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u041c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u041d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graphite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0448\u0430\u0440\u0438<\/a> \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0432 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e, \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c. \u041c\u0456\u0436\u0448\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043d-\u0434\u0435\u0440-\u0412\u0430\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430. \u0406 \u0446\u044f \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044e\u0454, \u0447\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u0447\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0437\u043c\u0430\u0449\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454 \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6808  aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure.jpg\" alt=\"\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443\" width=\"572\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure-600x398.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Two_key_elements_of_graphite_structure\"><\/span>\u0414\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_hexagonal_crystal_structure\"><\/span>\u0413\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Arrangements\"><\/span>\u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u0433\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0442\u0456\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0432 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0456, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u0442 120 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0454 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0432, \u0449\u043e \u0454 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Layering\"><\/span>\u041d\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u044c\u043a\u043e 0,335 \u043d\u043c. \u0421\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043d-\u0434\u0435\u0440-\u0412\u0430\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454 \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0437\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0448\u043d\u0456\u043c\u0438 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0456 \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u0437\u043c\u0430\u0449\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0412\u0456\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u044f\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0437\u0456 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Layers_of_crystal_structure\"><\/span>\u0428\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u041a\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0448\u0430\u0440 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0432 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u0454 \u0441\u0456\u0442\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0456\u0432. \u0426\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0456\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443. \u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043e\u043a \u0443 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0454 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0456. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0456\u0436\u0448\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bonds_within_carbon_atoms\"><\/span>\u0417\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Van_der_Waal_Forces\"><\/span>\u00a0\u0421\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043d \u0434\u0435\u0440 \u0412\u0430\u0430\u043b\u0430<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u041c\u0456\u0436\u0448\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u043d-\u0434\u0435\u0440-\u0412\u0430\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430, \u044f\u043a\u0430 \u0454 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043a\u043e\u044e, \u0449\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0456 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u0410\u043b\u0435 \u0446\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0456\u0436\u0448\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u0456\u043d\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432 (\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0456 \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043a). \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Layer_separation\"><\/span>\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0432<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044f\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0456 \u0412\u0430\u043d-\u0434\u0435\u0440-\u0412\u0430\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0440 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0443. \u0426\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0454 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u0454 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044f\u043a\u0438 \u044f\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0445\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0432. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0456\u0442\u0456\u0439-\u0456\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Covalent_bonds\"><\/span>\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0432 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0456 \u0449\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437'\u0454\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443. \u0426\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0456, \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0454 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0432. \u0406 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0454 \u0440\u0443\u0445 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0432, \u0432\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0456\u044e \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0456.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Sp2_hybridization\"><\/span>\u00a0Sp2 \u0433\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Bond_Angle\"><\/span>\u00a0\u041a\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c sp2 \u0433\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 2s \u0456 \u0434\u0432\u0456 2p \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0433\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0435\u043a\u0432\u0456\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0456 sp2 \u0433\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0456 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456. \u0412\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0437 \u043a\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u044c\u043a\u043e 120 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0437 \u0442\u0440\u044c\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0454 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0456\u0439 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Carbon_atoms\"><\/span>\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u0454 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441 \u0437 \u0442\u0440\u044c\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 sp2 \u0433\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0456 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456. \u0410 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 2p-\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u03c0-\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0445\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0438. \u03c0-\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0445\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0443 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u044f\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0432. \u0406 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0443 \u0445\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044f\u0445 \u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0445\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u044f\u043a \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u043b\u0456\u0442\u0456\u0439-\u0456\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anisotropy\"><\/span>\u0410\u043d\u0456\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0456\u044f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In-plane_attributes_and_out-of-plane_attributes\"><\/span>\u0410\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u044e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0454 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0456\u044e \u0432 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u0423 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043e\u043a \u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0437 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u044e \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e, \u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e \u0456 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e\u044e \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u0432\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0443\u044e\u0447\u043e\u0457 \u0444\u0430\u0437\u0438, \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0456. \u0423 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0456\u0436\u0448\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u043d-\u0434\u0435\u0440-\u0412\u0430\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u0438\u0437\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0426\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0433\u043e\u044e \u0432 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0456\u044f\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Atomic_Energy_arrangements\"><\/span>\u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0437 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0456 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0445\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0420\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c. \u0410 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0437\u043c\u0443\u0448\u0443\u0454 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0456\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0456 \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u044f\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0446\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044c.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lattice_and_crystal_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0491\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lattice_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0456\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u0433\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0456\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u0456 a \u0456 b \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u041a\u0443\u0442 \u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c 120 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0432, \u0432\u0456\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e. \u0419\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0454 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438, \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u044e \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0454\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_crystal_structure\"><\/span>\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0456\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456. \u0410 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0448\u043d\u0456 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e. \u0406 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0442\u0454\u0432\u043e \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0432, \u0445\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0443.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Three_common_defects_in_graphite_structure\"><\/span>\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0414\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438, \u0440\u0443\u0439\u043d\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0443 \u0446\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u041b\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f, \u0432\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0456 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0456 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0432, \u0437\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0410 \u0446\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0445\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0430 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0448\u043e\u043a.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_structure_related_concepts\"><\/span>\u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_Lewis_structure\"><\/span>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u041b\u044c\u044e\u0457\u0441\u0430<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u041b\u044c\u044e\u0457\u0441\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0454 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0456\u043b \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0432 \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044f\u0454 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0438\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0437 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e. \u041d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0456\u044f\u043d\u0456 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u03c0-\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0445\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0438. \u0426\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0454 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0445\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0443 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0432.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_hybridization\"><\/span>\u0413\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0413\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f sp2 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0432 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0456 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u0426\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u03c0-\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0445\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0454 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_symbols_and_formulae\"><\/span>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0425\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 - \"\u0421\". \u0425\u043e\u0447\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u043e\u044e, \u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u0445\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0456 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0456\u0457. \"\u0421\" \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443, \u0449\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0454 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0456 \u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_structure_and_bonding\"><\/span>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043e\u043a \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0428\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0456 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u041c\u0456\u0436\u0448\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043d-\u0434\u0435\u0440-\u0412\u0430\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0456\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0456\u044e. \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f. \u0410 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0437 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443. \u0423 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0447\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0454 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0456 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u0410 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0447\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0454 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e \u043c\u0456\u0436\u0444\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0449\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0439\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0443.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Explain_the_Structure_of_Graphite_and_Other_Materials_Difference\"><\/span>\u041f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0456\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044e \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_Structure_vs_Graphene_Structure\"><\/span>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043d\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0456-\u0442\u043e,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043d<\/a> \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0454 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u044e \u0448\u0430\u0440 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0423 \u043a\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u044e 1 \u043c\u043c \u0454 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u044c\u043a\u043e 3 \u043c\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0432 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043d\u0443, \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c. \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u044f\u043a \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0448\u0430\u0440 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443, \u0442\u043e\u0434\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0445 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043d\u0443, \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparison_of_graphite_and_diamond_structure\"><\/span>\u041f\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0437\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structural_differences\"><\/span>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044e \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c sp3 \u0433\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u0456. \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0454 sp2-\u0433\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043d-\u0434\u0435\u0440-\u0412\u0430\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Performance_differences\"><\/span>\u0412\u0456\u0434\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0447\u0456\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0422\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0446\u0456; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u043c'\u044f\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0443 \u0437\u043c\u0430\u0449\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u044f\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043b\u0456\u0432\u0446\u0456\u0432. \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0439\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u0410\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0437 \u0437 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0456 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e, \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u044e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0445; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u0447\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0456 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_graphite_structure\"><\/span>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Natural_Graphite\"><\/span>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u043d \u0437\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0447\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044f\u0445, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044f\u0445 \u0456 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044f\u0445. \u0417\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u044e, <a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b9-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82\/\">\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442<\/a> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438: \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0456\u043b\u044f\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u0456 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u043a \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Synthetic_Graphite\"><\/span>\u0421\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/uk\/%d1%81%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b9-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%96%d1%82\/\">\u0421\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442<\/a> \u0446\u0435 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0445\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443. \u0419\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0456\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0456\u0454\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0454 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0446\u044c. \u0419\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0448\u043b\u044f\u0445\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0456\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 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\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0443, \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0456 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456, \u0437 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0456\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0432. \u041d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430, \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u044e, \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0443 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0406 \u0432\u0456\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043b \u0443 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0437\u0456 \u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0456\u0457, \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0457\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0432.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Correlation_between_graphite_structure_and_use\"><\/span>\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043e\u043a \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0423\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0437\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044e\u0454 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f. \u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u0412\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043a\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u0445\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0417\u043c\u0430\u0449\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456. \u0412 \u0430\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0437\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u043b\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044f\u043a\u0438 \u0457\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0449\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u041a\u0440\u0456\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0454 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0456 \u043e\u043b\u0456\u0432\u0446\u0456\u0432, \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445. \u0406 \u043a\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0456\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>\u0412\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0454 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u043c\u0456\u0440\u0456\u0432, \u0449\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0454 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0454 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0456\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0437\u044f\u0445, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0410 \u0446\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0454 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Graphite, as a key allotrope of carbon, plays an important role in many fields. The in-depth exploration of its structure is the key to unlock the wide application potential of graphite and the development of new materials. What is graphite? Graphite, a mineral made of carbon atoms, is widely distributed in nature. 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