{"id":6746,"date":"2024-11-23T10:34:03","date_gmt":"2024-11-23T10:34:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/?p=6746"},"modified":"2024-12-29T00:21:17","modified_gmt":"2024-12-29T00:21:17","slug":"graphite-electrical-resistivity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/resistividade-eletrica-do-grafite\/","title":{"rendered":"Entendendo a resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite \u00e9 um valor de uma quantidade f\u00edsica que indica sua condutividade. Esse m\u00e9todo \u00e9 a t\u00e9cnica para avaliar a condutividade em diferentes materiais de grafite de forma eficaz. A resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite refere-se ao tamanho da resist\u00eancia por unidade de comprimento e \u00e9 geralmente expressa em ohm-metro, abreviado como \u03a9-m.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u00cdndice<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Alternar tabela de conte\u00fado\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Alternar<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/resistividade-eletrica-do-grafite\/#Graphite_Electrical_Resistivity_Measurement\" title=\"Medi\u00e7\u00e3o da resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite\">Medi\u00e7\u00e3o da resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/resistividade-eletrica-do-grafite\/#Temperature_dependence_analysis\" title=\"An\u00e1lise de depend\u00eancia de temperatura\">An\u00e1lise de depend\u00eancia de temperatura<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/resistividade-eletrica-do-grafite\/#The_following_table_shows_the_resistance_of_different_graphite_materials\" title=\"A tabela a seguir mostra a resist\u00eancia de diferentes materiais de grafite\">A tabela a seguir mostra a resist\u00eancia de diferentes materiais de grafite<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/resistividade-eletrica-do-grafite\/#Factors_affecting_graphite_electrical_resistivity\" title=\"Fatores que afetam a resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite\">Fatores que afetam a resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/resistividade-eletrica-do-grafite\/#Material_purity\" title=\"Pureza do material\">Pureza do material<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/resistividade-eletrica-do-grafite\/#Grain_size_and_orientation\" title=\"Tamanho e orienta\u00e7\u00e3o dos gr\u00e3os\">Tamanho e orienta\u00e7\u00e3o dos gr\u00e3os<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/resistividade-eletrica-do-grafite\/#Structural_defects\" title=\"Defeitos estruturais\">Defeitos estruturais<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/resistividade-eletrica-do-grafite\/#Comparison_of_the_electrical_conductivity_of_graphite_and_copper\" title=\"Compara\u00e7\u00e3o da condutividade el\u00e9trica do grafite e do cobre\">Compara\u00e7\u00e3o da condutividade el\u00e9trica do grafite e do cobre<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/resistividade-eletrica-do-grafite\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclus\u00e3o\">Conclus\u00e3o<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_Electrical_Resistivity_Measurement\"><\/span>Medi\u00e7\u00e3o da resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>M\u00e9todo de quatro sondas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo de quatro sondas \u00e9 o mais comumente usado no laborat\u00f3rio, com m\u00e9todo de medi\u00e7\u00e3o de alta precis\u00e3o. Quatro sondas pressionam a corrente na amostra para calcular a resistividade medindo a diferen\u00e7a de tens\u00e3o. A vantagem do m\u00e9todo de quatro sondas \u00e9 que ele evita a influ\u00eancia da resist\u00eancia de contato, a precis\u00e3o da medi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 muito alta e pode ser aplicado \u00e0s amostras na forma de filme fino e em massa.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>M\u00e9todo de duas sondas<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo de duas sondas aplica diretamente a corrente a ambas as extremidades da amostra e mede a tens\u00e3o. Calcule a resist\u00eancia total. A vantagem do m\u00e9todo de duas sondas \u00e9 que ele \u00e9 simples e f\u00e1cil de operar. Al\u00e9m disso, o m\u00e9todo de duas sondas tamb\u00e9m se adapta a cenas de medi\u00e7\u00e3o r\u00e1pidas e de baixa demanda.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>M\u00e9todo de fio quente<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo de fio quente usa a corrente para aquecer o fio quente ou a bobina dentro da amostra a fim de medir as caracter\u00edsticas da resist\u00eancia que mudam com a temperatura. Esse m\u00e9todo tamb\u00e9m estuda a condutividade sob uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o de alta temperatura de diferentes materiais.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>M\u00e9todo de quatro sondas em alta temperatura<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A resistividade sob as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de um ambiente de alta temperatura pode ser testada por esse m\u00e9todo. O m\u00e9todo de quatro sondas de alta temperatura combina o forno de alta temperatura com um dispositivo de quatro sondas para avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do desempenho em alta temperatura.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>M\u00e9todo de resist\u00eancia de contato<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo de resist\u00eancia de contato \u00e9 usado principalmente para estudos de laborat\u00f3rio. Uma das medi\u00e7\u00f5es precisas usadas para testar a resist\u00eancia de uma amostra \u00e9 o circuito de medi\u00e7\u00e3o balanceado da ponte de Wheatstone.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Temperature_dependence_analysis\"><\/span>An\u00e1lise de depend\u00eancia de temperatura<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A an\u00e1lise da depend\u00eancia da temperatura pode estudar a regra de altera\u00e7\u00e3o da resist\u00eancia com a temperatura no material de grafite, obter a propriedade condutora est\u00e1vel e relacionada do grafite e oferecer suporte de dados para a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais em altas temperaturas.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_following_table_shows_the_resistance_of_different_graphite_materials\"><\/span>A tabela a seguir mostra a resist\u00eancia de diferentes materiais de grafite<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">Tipo de material de grafite<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">Resistividade (1000\u00b0C) \/ \u03a9-m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">Grafite de alta densidade<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff086.4\u00b10.9\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6\u00a0<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">Estrutura de part\u00edculas grossas Grafite<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff089.2\u00b11.4\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">Grafite de granula\u00e7\u00e3o fina<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff0812.9\u00b12.6\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">Eletrodo de grafite<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff087.5\u00b10.7\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">Grafite poroso<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff0812.0\u00b11.2\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factors_affecting_graphite_electrical_resistivity\"><\/span>Fatores que afetam a resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Material_purity\"><\/span>Pureza do material<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Quanto menos impurezas um material contiver, menor ser\u00e1 sua resistividade<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Grain_size_and_orientation\"><\/span>Tamanho e orienta\u00e7\u00e3o dos gr\u00e3os<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong><b>Tamanho do gr\u00e3o<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A resist\u00eancia el\u00e9trica do grafite depende significativamente do tamanho e da orienta\u00e7\u00e3o dos gr\u00e3os. Gr\u00e3os maiores reduzem o efeito de dispers\u00e3o dos limites dos gr\u00e3os e permitem maior continuidade do caminho condutor, reduzindo a resist\u00eancia; por outro lado, gr\u00e3os menores t\u00eam limites de gr\u00e3os maiores, resultando em dispers\u00e3o de el\u00e9trons mais frequente e, portanto, aumentando a resist\u00eancia.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Orienta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>O grafite \u00e9 um <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anisotropy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">anisotr\u00f3pico<\/a> com baixa resist\u00eancia ao fluxo de el\u00e9trons ao longo do plano da camada (plano a-b) e com baixa resist\u00eancia. Em contrapartida, sua resist\u00eancia aumenta significativamente devido \u00e0 for\u00e7a de van der Waals que atua perpendicularmente ao plano da camada (eixo c). Portanto, quanto maior o gr\u00e3o e quanto mais pr\u00f3xima a orienta\u00e7\u00e3o do gr\u00e3o estiver da dire\u00e7\u00e3o do fluxo de corrente, menor ser\u00e1 a resist\u00eancia do grafite.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structural_defects\"><\/span>Defeitos estruturais<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><b>Defeitos na rede<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Defeitos pontuais no grafite, como vac\u00e2ncias e \u00e1tomos de impureza, destruir\u00e3o o sistema completo de liga\u00e7\u00e3o \u03c0 dos \u00e1tomos de carbono, bloquear\u00e3o a livre circula\u00e7\u00e3o de el\u00e9trons em uma camada e, portanto, aumentar\u00e3o a resistividade.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Defeitos nos limites dos gr\u00e3os<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A presen\u00e7a de limites de gr\u00e3os aumenta a dispers\u00e3o de el\u00e9trons, dificultando o fluxo de el\u00e9trons atrav\u00e9s dos gr\u00e3os e levando a uma maior resistividade. Al\u00e9m disso, quanto maior o n\u00famero de limites de gr\u00e3o ou quanto menor o tamanho do gr\u00e3o, mais pronunciado se torna esse efeito.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Defeitos entre camadas<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Esse deslocamento, ruga ou lacuna entre as camadas reduziria a condutividade entre o grafite <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graphite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">camadas<\/a>fazendo com que os el\u00e9trons fluam com mais dificuldade ao longo da dire\u00e7\u00e3o do eixo c, aumentando consideravelmente sua resistividade verticalmente.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Porosidade e rachaduras<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Os poros e as rachaduras no produto diminuem a \u00e1rea condutora efetiva do grafite e aumentam o caminho da corrente, o que leva a uma maior resistividade.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Efeitos da temperatura<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pode-se observar que, \u00e0 medida que a calcina\u00e7\u00e3o ou<a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/o-que-e-grafitizacao\/\"> grafitiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a> Quando a temperatura aumenta, a resistividade espec\u00edfica do produto diminui gradualmente. No entanto, os motivos da diminui\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o diferentes. Durante o est\u00e1gio de torrefa\u00e7\u00e3o, a queda da resistividade espec\u00edfica \u00e9 causada principalmente pela libera\u00e7\u00e3o de vol\u00e1teis, coqueifica\u00e7\u00e3o de aglutinantes e encolhimento cont\u00ednuo do produto. Durante o est\u00e1gio de grafitiza\u00e7\u00e3o, a queda na resistividade espec\u00edfica foi causada pela transforma\u00e7\u00e3o do carbono amorfo em <a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/pt\/o-que-e-grafite-e-de-que-e-feito-o-grafite\/\">grafite<\/a> estrutura cristalina.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Press\u00e3o externa<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A press\u00e3o externa aumenta a densifica\u00e7\u00e3o do material ao comprimir os poros da estrutura do grafite. A press\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m influencia o arranjo das camadas de cristal de grafite e diminui a resistividade na dire\u00e7\u00e3o do eixo c. Em geral, a press\u00e3o externa se reflete na redu\u00e7\u00e3o da porosidade, na melhoria da conex\u00e3o dos gr\u00e3os e no aprimoramento da disposi\u00e7\u00e3o entre as camadas.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparison_of_the_electrical_conductivity_of_graphite_and_copper\"><\/span>Compara\u00e7\u00e3o da condutividade el\u00e9trica do grafite e do cobre<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Em aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de temperatura normal, o cobre tem condutividade mais alta do que o grafite; entretanto, em aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de alta temperatura, o grafite ainda mant\u00e9m uma condutividade mais alta do que o cobre.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclus\u00e3o<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A resistividade teve um grande efeito na propriedade el\u00e9trica do grafite. A resistividade el\u00e9trica \u00e9 um dos fatores cr\u00edticos que determinam a propriedade el\u00e9trica do grafite. Quanto menor for a condutividade do grafite, melhor ser\u00e1 sua condutividade e menor ser\u00e1 o consumo de energia.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite \u00e9 um valor de uma quantidade f\u00edsica que indica sua condutividade. Esse m\u00e9todo \u00e9 a t\u00e9cnica para avaliar a condutividade em diferentes materiais de grafite de forma eficaz. A resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite refere-se ao tamanho da resist\u00eancia por unidade de comprimento e \u00e9 geralmente expressa em ohm-metro, abreviado como \u03a9-m. Medi\u00e7\u00e3o da resistividade el\u00e9trica do grafite M\u00e9todo de quatro sondas [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6755,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-application"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v19.2.1 (Yoast SEO v24.8.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Understanding Graphite Electrical Resistivity<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Graphite electrical resistivity pertains to the size of the resistance per unit length and is generally expressed in ohm-meters, short as \u03a9\u00b7m\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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