{"id":7669,"date":"2025-02-23T02:19:28","date_gmt":"2025-02-23T02:19:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/?p=7669"},"modified":"2025-02-23T02:20:32","modified_gmt":"2025-02-23T02:20:32","slug":"%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u039f \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf- \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf-\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u03a0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"\u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">\u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Analysis_of_the_crystal_structure_of_graphite\" >\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#The_arrangement_of_carbon_atoms_of_graphite\" >\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Interlayer_force\" >\u0394\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Interpretation_of_soft_properties_of_graphite_from_a_microscopic_perspective\" >\u0395\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Interlayer_sliding_under_external_force\" >\u039f\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Crystal_structure_factors_related_to_hardness\" >\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Discussion_on_the_formation_mechanism_of_smoothness\" >\u03a3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Relationship_between_layer_slip_and_friction\" >\u03a3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#The_embodiment_of_slippery_in_life\" >\u0397 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Application_of_graphite_soft_characteristics\" >\u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Application_in_the_field_of_lubricants\" >\u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#The_manufacturing_principle_of_pencil_lead\" >\u0397 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Conclusion\" >\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#FAQ\" >\u03a3\u03a5\u03a7\u039d\u0388\u03a3 \u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0389\u03a3\u0395\u0399\u03a3<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Why_is_diamond_hard\" >\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Why_does_graphite_conduct_electricity\" >\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%af-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9\/#Why_is_graphite_used_as_a_lubricant\" >\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Analysis_of_the_crystal_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_arrangement_of_carbon_atoms_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u039f \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b4%ce%bf%ce%bc%ce%ae-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7\/\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae<\/a>, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bf. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 0,142 nm \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd 120\u00b0. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cc \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interlayer_force\"><\/span>\u0394\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 van der Waals \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 van der Waals \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. \u0397 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 van der Waals \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 4-7 kJ\/mol, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 346kJ\/mol. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7674\" src=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft-.jpg\" alt=\"\u039c\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\" width=\"485\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft-.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft--300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft--768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft--18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft--600x398.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interpretation_of_soft_properties_of_graphite_from_a_microscopic_perspective\"><\/span><b><\/b>\u0395\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interlayer_sliding_under_external_force\"><\/span>\u039f\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 van der Waals \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u039b\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 van der Waals, \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b5\u03af. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c6\u03ae. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Crystal_structure_factors_related_to_hardness\"><\/span>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0397 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 van der Waals \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9). \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 Mohs, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf 1-2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Discussion_on_the_formation_mechanism_of_smoothness\"><\/span>\u03a3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relationship_between_layer_slip_and_friction\"><\/span>\u03a3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0397 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae. \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7. \u039b\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd van der Waals \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 1\/3-1\/2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_embodiment_of_slippery_in_life\"><\/span>\u0397 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ac\u03c7\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03ac\u03c7\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b2\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af, \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Application_of_graphite_soft_characteristics\"><\/span>\u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Application_in_the_field_of_lubricants\"><\/span>\u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u039f \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c4\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03be\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u039f \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bc \u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/mrf-furnaces.com\/products\/ultra-high-temperature-furnaces\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd. \u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_manufacturing_principle_of_pencil_lead\"><\/span>\u0397 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b2\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2<\/a> \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039b\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae. \u0397 \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b2\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u039f \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03c5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQ\"><\/span>\u03a3\u03a5\u03a7\u039d\u0388\u03a3 \u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0389\u03a3\u0395\u0399\u03a3<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_diamond_hard\"><\/span>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bf \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 Mohs \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 10.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_does_graphite_conduct_electricity\"><\/span>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0395\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b5\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf p, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_graphite_used_as_a_lubricant\"><\/span>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 van der Waals \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1. \u0394\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u039c\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Graphite is an important carbon material, which is widely used in life and industry. Its soft and slippery characteristics not only lay the foundation for basic applications, but also help materials science to explore the relationship between micro and macro properties. This provides theoretical support for cutting-edge innovative applications. &nbsp; Analysis of the crystal structure [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7674,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-application"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v19.2.1 (Yoast SEO v25.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Why Is Graphite Soft And Slippery? | Jinsun Carbon<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Graphite is soft and slippery because of its unique crystal structure. 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