{"id":6746,"date":"2024-11-23T10:34:03","date_gmt":"2024-11-23T10:34:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/?p=6746"},"modified":"2024-12-29T00:21:17","modified_gmt":"2024-12-29T00:21:17","slug":"%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%ba%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%ba%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03a9-\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03a9-m.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u03a0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"\u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">\u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%ba%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7\/#Graphite_Electrical_Resistivity_Measurement\" >\u039c\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%ba%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7\/#Temperature_dependence_analysis\" >\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%ba%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7\/#The_following_table_shows_the_resistance_of_different_graphite_materials\" >\u039f \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%ba%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7\/#Factors_affecting_graphite_electrical_resistivity\" >\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%ba%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7\/#Material_purity\" >\u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%ba%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7\/#Grain_size_and_orientation\" >\u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%ba%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7\/#Structural_defects\" >\u0394\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%ba%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7\/#Comparison_of_the_electrical_conductivity_of_graphite_and_copper\" >\u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%ba%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7\/#Conclusion\" >\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_Electrical_Resistivity_Measurement\"><\/span>\u039c\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c7\u03cd\u03b4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bc.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 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\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u039c\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 Wheatstone.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Temperature_dependence_analysis\"><\/span>\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_following_table_shows_the_resistance_of_different_graphite_materials\"><\/span>\u039f \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">\u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 (1000\u00b0C) \/ \u03a9-m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">\u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff086.4\u00b10.9\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6\u00a0<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">\u03a7\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff089.2\u00b11.4\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">\u039b\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff0812.9\u00b12.6\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">\u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff087.5\u00b10.7\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"213\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/td>\n<td width=\"213\">\uff0812.0\u00b11.2\uff09\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factors_affecting_graphite_electrical_resistivity\"><\/span>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Material_purity\"><\/span>\u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u038c\u03c3\u03bf \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Grain_size_and_orientation\"><\/span>\u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong><b>\u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7- \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u039f \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anisotropy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/a> \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03b1-\u03b2) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 van der Waals \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 c). \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structural_defects\"><\/span>\u0394\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><b>\u0391\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u0391\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u0391\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graphite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/a>, \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3, \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u03a0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c1\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c1\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7, \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b7<a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%cf%84%ce%b9-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%b7-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%b9%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%80%ce%bf%ce%af%ce%b7%cf%83%ce%b7\/\"> \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/a> \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 <a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/el\/%cf%84%ce%b9-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bf-%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%b1%cf%80%cf%8c-%cf%84%ce%b9-%ce%b1%cf%80%ce%bf%cf%84%ce%b5%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%af\/\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/a> \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u0395\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7. \u0397 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 c. \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparison_of_the_electrical_conductivity_of_graphite_and_copper\"><\/span>\u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7- \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03cc.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7. \u038c\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b7, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Graphite electrical resistivity is an amount of a physical quantity, indicating its conductivity. This method is the technique for assessing conductivity in different graphite materials effectively. The graphite electric resistivity pertains to the size of the resistance per unit length and is generally expressed in ohm-meter, short as \u03a9\u00b7m. Graphite Electrical Resistivity Measurement Four-probe method [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6755,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-application"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v19.2.1 (Yoast SEO v25.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Understanding Graphite Electrical Resistivity<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Graphite electrical resistivity pertains to the size of the resistance per unit length and is generally expressed in ohm-meters, short as \u03a9\u00b7m\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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