{"id":7669,"date":"2025-02-23T02:19:28","date_gmt":"2025-02-23T02:19:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/?p=7669"},"modified":"2025-02-23T02:20:32","modified_gmt":"2025-02-23T02:20:32","slug":"why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/","title":{"rendered":"Why Is Graphite Soft And Slippery?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Graphite is an important carbon material, which is widely used in life and industry. Its soft and slippery characteristics not only lay the foundation for basic applications, but also help materials science to explore the relationship between micro and macro properties. This provides theoretical support for cutting-edge innovative applications.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_71 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Analysis_of_the_crystal_structure_of_graphite\" title=\"Analysis of the crystal structure of graphite\">Analysis of the crystal structure of graphite<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#The_arrangement_of_carbon_atoms_of_graphite\" title=\"The arrangement of carbon atoms of graphite\">The arrangement of carbon atoms of graphite<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Interlayer_force\" title=\"Interlayer force\">Interlayer force<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Interpretation_of_soft_properties_of_graphite_from_a_microscopic_perspective\" title=\"Interpretation of soft properties of graphite from a microscopic perspective\">Interpretation of soft properties of graphite from a microscopic perspective<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Interlayer_sliding_under_external_force\" title=\"Interlayer sliding under external force\">Interlayer sliding under external force<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Crystal_structure_factors_related_to_hardness\" title=\"Crystal structure factors related to hardness\">Crystal structure factors related to hardness<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Discussion_on_the_formation_mechanism_of_smoothness\" title=\"Discussion on the formation mechanism of smoothness\">Discussion on the formation mechanism of smoothness<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Relationship_between_layer_slip_and_friction\" title=\"Relationship between layer slip and friction\">Relationship between layer slip and friction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#The_embodiment_of_slippery_in_life\" title=\"The embodiment of slippery in life\">The embodiment of slippery in life<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Application_of_graphite_soft_characteristics\" title=\"Application of graphite soft characteristics\">Application of graphite soft characteristics<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Application_in_the_field_of_lubricants\" title=\"Application in the field of lubricants\">Application in the field of lubricants<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#The_manufacturing_principle_of_pencil_lead\" title=\"The manufacturing principle of pencil lead\">The manufacturing principle of pencil lead<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#FAQ\" title=\"FAQ\">FAQ<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Why_is_diamond_hard\" title=\"Why is diamond hard?\">Why is diamond hard?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Why_does_graphite_conduct_electricity\" title=\"Why does graphite conduct electricity?\">Why does graphite conduct electricity?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/why-is-graphite-soft-and-slippery\/#Why_is_graphite_used_as_a_lubricant\" title=\"Why is graphite used as a lubricant?\">Why is graphite used as a lubricant?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Analysis_of_the_crystal_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>Analysis of the crystal structure of graphite<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_arrangement_of_carbon_atoms_of_graphite\"><\/span>The arrangement of carbon atoms of graphite<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Graphite has a layered crystal <a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/az\/graphite-structure\/\">structure<\/a>, with each layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal compact two-dimensional network. Each carbon atom in the plane is connected to the surrounding three carbon atoms by a covalent bond with a bond length of about 0.142nm and a bond Angle of 120\u00b0. This covalent bond is highly directional and stable, forming a solid plane skeleton. This gives\u00a0excellent mechanical and chemical stability in the graphite layer, making it difficult to relative shift the carbon atoms in the layer. And then maintaining the integrity of the plane structure.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interlayer_force\"><\/span>Interlayer force<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The carbon atoms between the graphite layer and the layer are maintained by a weak van der Waals force, and no covalent bond is formed. Van der Waals forces are intermolecular forces resulting from various dipole interactions of molecules. The van der Waals force between the graphite intermediates is 4-7 kJ\/mol, which is much lower than the covalent bond of about 346kJ\/mol. This energy difference makes the graphite layers bind loosely, and each layer has the possibility of relative movement. This\u00a0is the structural basis of the soft slip property of it.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7674\" src=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft-.jpg\" alt=\"Graphite Soft\" width=\"485\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft-.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft--300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft--768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft--18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Graphite-Soft--600x398.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interpretation_of_soft_properties_of_graphite_from_a_microscopic_perspective\"><\/span><b><\/b>Interpretation of soft properties of graphite from a microscopic perspective<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interlayer_sliding_under_external_force\"><\/span>Interlayer sliding under external force<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>When the graphite is subjected to external forces, the van der Waals forces between the layers are difficult to counter the influence of these external forces. Due to the weak van der Waals force, under the action of small external forces, the relative sliding between the layers can easily occur. The carbon atom can slip smoothly to each other under the push of friction. This kind of interlayer sliding at the micro level is directly reflected in the macro level as the soft texture. And it\u00a0is easy to change shape under the action of external forces.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Crystal_structure_factors_related_to_hardness\"><\/span>Crystal structure factors related to hardness<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The hardness of a material essentially depends on the resistance of its crystal structure to external forces. For graphite, although the covalent bonds in the layers give strong mechanical stability in the plane. The weak van der Waals forces between the layers become the key weak link that determines its overall hardness. In the face of external forces, it\u00a0cannot effectively disperse and resist external forces through a full range of strong interactions between atoms. Like a crystal with a uniform distribution of covalent bonds in three dimensions (such as diamond). In contrast, it\u00a0is more likely to slip between layers, resulting in lower overall hardness. According to the Mohs hardness standard, its\u00a0hardness is only 1-2, which is much lower than most common mineral materials. This\u00a0fully reflects the decisive influence of its crystal structure on hardness.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Discussion_on_the_formation_mechanism_of_smoothness\"><\/span>Discussion on the formation mechanism of smoothness<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relationship_between_layer_slip_and_friction\"><\/span>Relationship between layer slip and friction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The smoothness of graphite is directly due to its easy sliding between layers. When two surfaces are in contact with each other and in relative motion, if graphite is present, the interlayer sliding of graphite can significantly reduce the direct friction between the surfaces. If there is no graphite, the micro-convex and concave on the surface of the object will mesh with each other, resulting in greater friction.When using it as a lubricant, the relative motion of the surface of the object is transformed into sliding between graphite layers. Due to the weak van der Waals forces between layers, the resistance needed to overcome this sliding is very small. Thus greatly reducing the coefficient of friction. After applying graphite to certain metal surfaces, the coefficient of friction can be reduced to 1\/3-1\/2 of the original. This fully proves its excellent effect in reducing friction.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_embodiment_of_slippery_in_life\"><\/span>The embodiment of slippery in life<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In daily life, we can intuitively feel the smooth characteristics of graphite through a variety of phenomena. When the hand touches the graphite powder, it will be obvious that the fingers are difficult to grasp. And there is a strong sense of slippiness. This is because the layer structure in the graphite powder slides rapidly between the layers under the touch. And giving the finger a unique tactile feedback.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the use of pencil writing is another typical embodiment of the smooth properties. During the writing process, the pencil lead is in contact with the surface of the paper. And under the action of pressure, the graphite layers slide between them. So that some of its layers can be transferred and attached to the paper, leaving clear writing. In this process, the smooth characteristics\u00a0not only ensure the fluency of writing. But also make the writing experience more smooth and comfortable.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Application_of_graphite_soft_characteristics\"><\/span>Application of graphite soft characteristics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Application_in_the_field_of_lubricants\"><\/span>Application in the field of lubricants<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Graphite has excellent lubricating properties and you can\u00a0widely use\u00a0it\u00a0in the field of lubricants. Under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure and high vacuum, ordinary liquid lubricants are easy to fail due to evaporation, decomposition or viscosity change. Graphite can form a lubricating film in aviation engines, high temperature <a href=\"https:\/\/mrf-furnaces.com\/products\/ultra-high-temperature-furnaces\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">furnaces<\/a> and vacuum equipment. Because it has stable chemical properties and interlayer sliding characteristics reduce friction and wear. And it can improve equipment operating efficiency and life.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_manufacturing_principle_of_pencil_lead\"><\/span>The manufacturing principle of pencil lead<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Pencil lead is a typical application of its\u00a0properties. It is made from a mixture of graphite and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clay<\/a> in proportion. When writing, the graphite layer slides on the surface of the paper under the action of pressure. Due to the weak bonding force between the layers, part of the graphite layer is attached to the paper to form writing. Adjusting the ratio of graphite and clay can control the hardness and blackness of the pencil lead. Then making the pencil a common writing tool.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Graphite is soft and slippery because of its unique crystal structure. This connection between microstructure and macro performance lays the foundation for its application. And this will also promote its innovation in emerging technologies in the future.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQ\"><\/span>FAQ<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_diamond_hard\"><\/span>Why is diamond hard?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon, but have different crystal structures. Each carbon atom in a diamond is covalently bonded to the four surrounding carbon atoms. Forming a three-dimensional tetrahedral network structure. When stressed, the covalent bond can disperse external forces and resist deformation. So the diamond hardness is extremely high, and the Mohs hardness is 10.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_does_graphite_conduct_electricity\"><\/span>Why does graphite conduct electricity?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In addition to forming \u03c3 bonds, the carbon atoms in the graphite layer also have conjugated large \u03c0 bonds. Each carbon atom contributes a p electron, forming a delocalized electron cloud that can move freely within the layer. When an electric field is applied, the free electrons move in a directional direction to form a current. And the good conductivity makes it widely used in electronics.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_graphite_used_as_a_lubricant\"><\/span>Why is graphite used as a lubricant?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>First, the inter-layer van der Waals force is weak, and the inter-layer is easy to slide. Second, the chemical properties are stable. When applied, it forms a lubricating film on the surface of the component, replaces direct friction with interlayer sliding. It reduces the coefficient of friction, can maintain performance in different chemical environments, and has a wide range of applications.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Graphite is an important carbon material, which is widely used in life and industry. Its soft and slippery characteristics not only lay the foundation for basic applications, but also help materials science to explore the relationship between micro and macro properties. This provides theoretical support for cutting-edge innovative applications. &nbsp; Analysis of the crystal structure [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7674,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-application"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v19.2.1 (Yoast SEO v24.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Why Is Graphite Soft And Slippery? | Jinsun Carbon<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Graphite is soft and slippery because of its unique crystal structure. 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