{"id":6802,"date":"2024-11-25T14:35:45","date_gmt":"2024-11-25T14:35:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/?p=6802"},"modified":"2024-12-11T12:40:16","modified_gmt":"2024-12-11T12:40:16","slug":"%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0622\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#What_is_graphite\" >\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u061f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Atomic_and_Molecular_structure_of_graphite\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Atomic_structure_of_graphite\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Molecular_structure_of_graphite\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Two_key_elements_of_graphite_structure\" >\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Graphite_hexagonal_crystal_structure\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Arrangements\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Layering\" >\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Layers_of_crystal_structure\" >\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Bonds_within_carbon_atoms\" >\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#_Van_der_Waal_Forces\" >\u00a0\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Layer_separation\" >\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Covalent_bonds\" >\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#_Sp2_hybridization\" >\u00a0\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 Sp2<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#_Bond_Angle\" >\u00a0\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Carbon_atoms\" >\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Anisotropy\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#In-plane_attributes_and_out-of-plane_attributes\" >\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Atomic_Energy_arrangements\" >\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Lattice_and_crystal_structure_of_graphite\" >\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Lattice_structure_of_graphite\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Graphite_crystal_structure\" >\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Three_common_defects_in_graphite_structure\" >\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Graphite_structure_related_concepts\" >\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Graphite_Lewis_structure\" >\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Graphite_hybridization\" >\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Graphite_symbols_and_formulae\" >\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Graphite_structure_and_bonding\" >\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Explain_the_Structure_of_Graphite_and_Other_Materials_Difference\" >\u0634\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Graphite_Structure_vs_Graphene_Structure\" >\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Comparison_of_graphite_and_diamond_structure\" >\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Structural_differences\" >\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Performance_differences\" >\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Types_of_graphite_structure\" >\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Natural_Graphite\" >\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Synthetic_Graphite\" >\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Correlation_between_graphite_structure_and_use\" >\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa\/#Conclusion\" >\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_graphite\"><\/span>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u061f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0633. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Atomic_and_Molecular_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Atomic_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646. \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Molecular_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graphite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6808  aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure.jpg\" alt=\"\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\" width=\"572\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Graphite-Structure-600x398.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Two_key_elements_of_graphite_structure\"><\/span>\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_hexagonal_crystal_structure\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Arrangements\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 120 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Layering\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.335 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Layers_of_crystal_structure\"><\/span>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a. \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bonds_within_carbon_atoms\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Van_der_Waal_Forces\"><\/span>\u00a0\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637). \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Layer_separation\"><\/span>\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0635 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Covalent_bonds\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Sp2_hybridization\"><\/span>\u00a0\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 Sp2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Bond_Angle\"><\/span>\u00a0\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 sp2\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0629 2s \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 2p \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 sp2 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064d \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 120 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Carbon_atoms\"><\/span>\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064d \u0645\u0639 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 sp2. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a 2p \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u03c0-\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u03c0-\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anisotropy\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In-plane_attributes_and_out-of-plane_attributes\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062c\u064a\u062f. \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Atomic_Energy_arrangements\"><\/span>\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lattice_and_crystal_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lattice_structure_of_graphite\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 b \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 120 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 c \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_crystal_structure\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Three_common_defects_in_graphite_structure\"><\/span>\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_structure_related_concepts\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_Lewis_structure\"><\/span>\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0650\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u064f\u062d\u064f\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_hybridization\"><\/span>\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a sp2 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u03c0-\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_symbols_and_formulae\"><\/span>\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0648 \"C\". \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \"C\" \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_structure_and_bonding\"><\/span>\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637. \u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Explain_the_Structure_of_Graphite_and_Other_Materials_Difference\"><\/span>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graphite_Structure_vs_Graphene_Structure\"><\/span>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/a> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 1 \u0645\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparison_of_graphite_and_diamond_structure\"><\/span>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structural_differences\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 sp3 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064d \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 sp2 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Performance_differences\"><\/span>\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633\u060c \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_graphite_structure\"><\/span>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Natural_Graphite\"><\/span>\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a, <a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d9%8a\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/a> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a - \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Synthetic_Graphite\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jinsuncarbon.com\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a\/\">\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/a> \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Correlation_between_graphite_structure_and_use\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628. \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a 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\u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\n<h2 class=\"ql-align-justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642. \u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Graphite, as a key allotrope of carbon, plays an important role in many fields. The in-depth exploration of its structure is the key to unlock the wide application potential of graphite and the development of new materials. What is graphite? Graphite, a mineral made of carbon atoms, is widely distributed in nature. It has a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6808,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6802","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-application"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v19.2.1 (Yoast SEO v27.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Graphite Structure : A Complete Guide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Graphite structure is made up of layers due to sp\u00b2-hybridized carbon atoms in honeycomb patterns, connected through weak van der Waals forces\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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